Operator:
- Operator is a symbol, to operate operands.
- Operator performs operations on one or more operands.
- Operands like variables, constants and functions
Python divides the operators in the following way:
- Arithmetic Operators
- Comparison (Relational) Operators
- Assignment Operators
- Logical Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Membership Operators
- Identity Operators
- Ternary Operator
Arithmetic Operators:
- Used to perform all arithmetic operations
- Operators are +, – , * , / , % , // , **
Note: In other programming languages, arithmetic operations perform depends on data types.
Python doesn’t support data types concept.
- Operator(/) returns quotient after division
- Operator(//) is called floor division – returns floor value of quotient after division.
- Operator(%) is called mod operator – returns remainder after division.
- Operator(**) is called exponent operator – returns power value.
- 2**3 -> 2^3 -> 8
- 3**2 -> 3^2 -> 9
a=10
b=5
print(a/b)
print(a//b)
print(a%b)
a=7
b=2
print(a/b)
print(a//b)
print(a%b)
Python arithmetic operators follow BODMAS rule:
print("BODMAS rule")
print("5+3-2 :",5+3-2)
print("5+3*2 :",5+3*2)
print("5/3*2 :",5/3*2)
print("(5+3)*2 :",(5+3)*2)
We can assign multiple values to variables as follows:
a,b,c=3,8,2
d=a+b-c
e=a*b/c
f=a**c+b
print(d,e,f)
Analyze the priority of operators using following code:
a,b,c=3,8,2
d=b%c+a
e=b//c*a
print(d,e)
Comparison (Relational) Operators
- Relational Operators: Relational operators are comparing values.
- It returns True or False depending to the condition.
| Operator | Meaning |
| > | Greater than |
| < | Less than |
| >= | Greater than or equals to |
| <= | Less than or equals to |
| == | Equal to |
| != | Not equal to |
print("Relational operators : ")
print("5>3 :",5>3)
print("5<3 :",5<3)
print("5>=3 :",5>=3)
print("5<=3 :",5<=3)
print("5==3 :",5==3)
print("5!=3 :",5!=3)
Comparing strings:
a="abc"
b="xyz"
print(a>b)
Analyze the code:
print("a>A :", 'a'>'A')
print("1>0 :", '1'>'0')
print("abc>a :", 'abc'>'a')
Assignment Operators
| Operator | Description | Example |
| = | Assigns value to left side variable | c = a + b |
| += | ADD AND operator. | c += a equals to c = c + a |
| -= | Subtract AND operator | c -= a equals to c = c – a |
| *= | Multiply AND operator | c *= a equals to c = c * a |
| /= | Divide AND operator | c /= a equals to c = c / a |
| %= | Modulus AND operator | c %= a equals to c = c % a |
| **= | Exponent AND operator | c **= a equals to c = c ** a |
| //= | FLOOR DIVISION AND operator | c //= a equals to c = c // a |
print("Python assignment operators :")
a,b = 5,3
print("a value :",a)
print("b value :",b)
a+=b
print("a+=b : ", a)
a,b = 5,3
a-=b
print("a-=b : ", a)
a,b = 5,3
a*=b
print("a*=b : ", a)
Logical Operators:
- Evaluate more than one expression and returns a boolean value.
- Operator are and, or and not.
| Operator | Meaning | Example |
| And | If condition is Ture both the operands are true | x and y |
| Or | If the condition is Ture one of the operands is true | x or y |
| not | If condition is Ture operand is false (complements the operand) | not x |
x = True
y = False
print('x and y is : ',x and y)
print('x or y is : ',x or y)
print('not x is : ',not x)
Output it:
print(True and True)
print(6>4 and 5>3)
print( True and False)
print(False and True)
print(False and False)
print(6>3 and 4!=4)
Bitwise Operators
- Bitwise operators: To perform the bitwise operators are bit by bit operation.
- In python bitwise shift operators are using left shift operands and right shift operands
- Left side for the given number of times in the right operand.
- Moving binary bits in the memory change the value of variable.
- These operators return the result in decimal format only.
- Operators are Right shift (>>) and Left shift (<<)
x=8
print(x>>2)
print(x<<2)
Right shift: n/2^s -> 8/2^2 -> 8/4 -> 2
Left shift : n*2^s -> 8*2^2 -> 8*4 -> 32
| OPERATOR | DESCRIPTION | SYNTAX |
| & | Bitwise AND | X&Y |
| | | Bitwise OR | X|Y |
| ~ | Bitwise NOT | ~X |
| ^ | Bitwise XOR | X^Y |
| >> | Bitwise right shift | X>> |
| << | Bitwise left shift | X<< |
a=20
b=5
print(a&b)
print(a|b)
print(~a)
print(a^b)
print(a>>4)
print(a<<4)
Membership Operators
- in and not in are the membership operators
- To test whether a value or variable is in a sequence used
- in: True if value is found in the sequence
- not in: True if value is not found in the sequence
Example of Membership Operator
x = 'Tutipy tutorials'
y = {3:'a',4:'b'}
print('a' in x)
print('tutip' not in x)
print('tutorials' not in x)
print(3 in y)
print('b' in y)
s = 'Python is Programming language'
print('y' in s)
print('py' in s)
print('th' in s)
Identity Operators:
- Is and is not are the identity operators both are used to check if two values are located on the same part of the memory.
- Two variables that are equal do not imply that they are identical.
- is : True if the operands are identical
- is not : True if the operands are not identical
a1 = 3
b1 = 3
a2 = 'conix Technologies'
b2 = 'Tutipy tutorials'
a3 = [1,2,3]
b3 = [1,2,3]
print(a1 is not b1)
print(a2 is b2)
Conditional expression(Ternary):
- The conditional expressions are called Ternary operators and it evaluates based on the condition true or false.
- It is test condition in a single line and replacing the multiline if else condition.
Syntax:
[on_true] if [expression] else [on_false]
Example :
a, b = 20, 30
min = a if a < b else b
print(min)
Precedence of operators:
- The combination of values, variables, operators, and functions are called expression. The Python interpreter can execute a valid expression.
| Operators | Meaning |
| () | Parentheses |
| ** | Exponent |
| +x , -x, ~x | Unary plus, Unary minus, Bitwise NOT |
| *, /, //, % | Multiplication, Division, Floor division, Modulus |
| +, – | Addition, Subtraction |
| <<, >> | Bitwise shift operators |
| & | Bitwise AND |
| ^ | Bitwise XOR |
| | | Bitwise OR |
| ==, !=, >, >=, <, <=, is, is not, in, not in | Comparisons, Identity, Membership operators |
| not | Logical NOT |
| and | Logical AND |
| or | Logical OR |
